SEMESTER 6 Theoretical and Practical Distributions of Public Health Internship Course Blocks

PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICES

Health Education

Resource Distribution Practices in Health

 PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER APPLICATIONS

Occupational  and Environmental Health Services

THE LIST:

WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

Research spelling guide

There are two basic rules to follow in writing a research report:

1. Keep the shape as simple

2. Applying the resaeach consistent with the reporting format

The original copy of the research report is printed and archived using one side of the paper.

Page Margins

The margins should be adjusted so that the left side is 3.5 cm, right, top and bottom is 2 cm.

There should be absolutely no text in the page margins.

Font

 • In the research report, ‘’Times New Roman’’ should be used as the most common typeface.

• Research report lines should be written justified to 2 sides of the page.

 • The overall font size of the report is 12 points.

• Cover pages should be written dark and in 14 points. Writings should be centered on the page.

• 11-point font for titles and contents of tables and figures

• 10-point font for citation or abbreviation additional information to be written under tables and figures,

• 10-point font for footnotes and endnotes.

Line gap

The research report should be written with ’1.5 line spacing

Single line spacing, can be used in drawings, tables, figures and graphs, long quotes, footnotes and endnotes, with the condition that they stay the same throughout the report.

Paragraphs should start at 1.25 cm from the beginning of the line and leave one (1) space between paragraphs.

Page numbers must be entered in the Introduction and Objective section. It should be at mid side of the bottom of the page.

 Main headings and subheadings

The headings and sub-headings should be numbered according to the example below and should be numbered after each digit. Sub-headings of more than third order should not be used. Where necessary, further sub-headings may be used in accordance with the second degree title rules, but not numbered and shown in the table of contents.

Example:

1. MAIN HEAD

1.1.The First Subtitle

1.1.1 Second subtitle

 1.1.2 ..................

 1.1.1.1.The third subheading

1.1.1.1.A. Further subtitle

1.1.1.1.B. .................

TABLE AND FIGURES

Table, shape, picture etc. should be placed as close as possible to the first mention in the text, provided that they comply with the basics of page layout. Multiple tables or figures can be placed on the same page. However, more than two pages of continuous tables or shapes should not be given. A plurality of tables or figures may be provided in the appendices as needed .While writing  the table, drawing, picture, photo and figure numbers,  firstly the number of the chapter is written ,then secondly row numbers(in the related chapter) of  the related table, drawing, picture, photo and figure  is written. The number and description of each figure, drawing, image and photo are written under them, the number and name of each table should be overwritten.Bold spelling should not be used when writing headlines of them.If a reference needs to be given in tables,drawings, pictures, photographs and figures, the reference should be given in parentheses and as footnotes at the end of the title.

Table, shape, drawing, picture and photo titles should be as concise as possible. If the title text exceeds one line, the second and the other rows must start from the same column as the first line.

Dots or commas should not be placed at the end of the titles.

Tables longer than one page must be divided into a page size (from a suitable place) if they must be included in the thesis text.The continuation of the  table has the same table number with the beginning part of the divided table and continue with on ‘’Table 3.1. (continued)’’ (without tabs).

BASIC PARTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

FRONT SECTION

1. Cover (outer and inner cover)

2. Contents

MAIN CHAPTER

1. Introduction and purpose

2. General information

3. Materials and methods

4. Findings

5. Discussion

6. Conclusions and recommendations

7. Abstract (English and Turkish)

8. References

9. Appendix

FRONT SECTION

1.COVER

1.1.Outer cover:The name of the research and  the researchers, the reason why it is done (such as the thesis of speciality), the place and date of the research are written.

About 3cm of space is left on the top and left side of the coverpage and so ‘’ M.U. FACULTY OF MEDICINE’’ is written in the upper left corner.The name of the research is written in 18-point letters, centered on the coverpage and  12cm is spaced  on the top edge of the page.

1.2.Inner Cover: It is prepared in the same way as the outer cover. The degree and the name of the consultant instructor is written under the name of the researchers (12 point).

2.Contents:

Indicates which topics are included in the study and on which page?

Figures and Tables: If there are more than 10 tables in a study; The charts directory must be prepared. The title of the chart is written exactly and the related page numbers are specified.

Abbreviations: Abbreviations are used to save time and space.It is the words that the researcher shortens frequently used concepts or the spontaneous words that the country accepts and applies in daily life within its national borders.

MAIN CHAPTER

Turkish Summary

The scope of the study and the main objectives should be defined, researcher should define the methodology of research, summarize the findings( should not contain the information and results not specified in the article), should specify the main results. The abstract should be written in a single paragraph so that it can fit on one page without the title and it should not exceed 250 words. It is recommended to limit the Turkish abstract to 200 words as the number of words increases during the translation of the abstract into English.

ABSTRACT  should be written in bold, 14 point and capital letters. One line should be spaced at the end of the abstract, with the title "Keywords" with bold font and 5 keywords should be written in alphabetical order.

English Summary

ABSTRACT should be written in bold, 14 point and capital letters.The English title of the research is written under it.The first letter of each word of the title is written as capital letter.(bold and 12 point). The title of the thesis should reflect the content of the thesis.English abstract’s content should be same as the content of Turkish abstract.Key Words given after the Turkish abstract should be written in English and in alphabetical order at the end of the English abstract.

Introduction:

It is the section where the research is introduced, attention of the readers is engaged and the importance of the study is emphasized. It is planned not to exceed 3-5 pages depending

on the situation of the researcher and the subject.It begins with general information of study and then explains details of the topic.It ends with the aim of the research.

Objective: It should be original and clear. The main and sub-objectives of the study should be clearly identified. The main purpose of the research should be expressed in a single sentence. If deemed necessary, sub clauses can be used to explain the purpose sentence.

General Information

The aim of this section is to give the current information of literature to understand the study. Literature studies related to the theoretical and practical foundations of the thesis subject should be summarized in a certain order and systematic and detailed information should be given by using subtitles.Sub-headings should be in accordance with the general flow of the subject and should be brought to the topic of study from the general to the specific. The length of the section should not exceed 1/3 of the whole research text. The relevant references should be selected meticulously, any information that is not directly related should be avoided.All information should be supported by reference,shouldn’t include comments.

Materials and Methods

Introduction of the research region, type of research, the universe of the research and the introduction of the universe, sampling (size, method, representativeness), participation criteria to research, dependent and independent variables, definition of terms and criterias,data sources, enforcers and implementation, time, data editing and analysis are the contents of this section.

All the issues that the researcher thinks as ideal, which he/she wants to perform but which he/she has to give up for various reasons, form the limitations of the research. Limitations may arise from the problem area, the purposes of the research, the method, sampling and other difficulties.While interpreting of the research results the limitations of the study should be taken into account; therefore, it is appropriate to address the limitations in this section.

Results

All findings, which are examined in accordance with the objectives, that are light-shedding on the solution of the problem should be given. In this section, only the results of the study, the statistical method used and the levels of significance obtained by the analysis of the results should be specified and no comments should be made. In the presentation of the findings, narration tools such as tables, graphs, figures and pictures can be used, but the same findings (such as tables and graphs) should not be expressed in two different methods. Table findings should not be repeated and they should be summarized.

Discussion and Conclusion

Discussion section is the comment section of the study. The findings obtained should be compared with other studies related to our research subject.Similar findings and different sides of other studies should be presented, the results should be discussed together with their possible causes and the results should be interpreted.

Discussion should be made according to the order of presentation of the findings. The findings that are not relevant for the purpose of the research should not be discussed.

In the discussion section, some data, tables and figures can be cited in order to not to repeat the findings.

At the end of the discussion section, the results obtained from the research should be written in a clear and concise manner in one to two paragraphs.

References

General rules

The original research should be available by the researcher.The references used must be enough in number, directly related to the study’s topic and up to date.However, old, classical references should be used when necessary. References should include research articles rather than classic books. The number of Turkish and foreign references  used for the study should be balanced. Unpublished reports, leaflets, abstracts, printed works, lecture notes and personal opinions cannot be cited as references. Oral and personal interviews should not be included in the list of references but should be given as footnotes in the thesis.

Indirect references are used if too necessary.They must be few and  should be used in compliance with the rules of indirect reference writing.

Except for electronic journals, the addresses of web pages used as references should be given in the text together with the date of access and should not be included in the references list.

All of the references used in the thesis should be listed in alphabetical order list according to the first author surname at the end of the thesis. The list of references should be in the font used in the main text of the thesis(10-11 point) .The first line of the reference should be justified to the left and the next lines should be written starting from 0.75 cm inner.

In the list of references, the surnames of the authors of a reference should be given exactly and the initials of their names should be written. Author surnames and initials of names must be capital letters (Pinar R). If the name of the author is more than one, the initials must be written adjacent to each other (Whelton PK).Author names must be separated by commas,the point should be placed after the next authors name.

Even though the reference has  lots of authors,the names of all authors should be written in the list of references, and abbreviations such as ‘’ve ark.’’, ‘’et al’’ should not be used in the list.

            The study (s) made by a single researcher should be written before the collaborative work (s) with the same researcher's friends, regardless of the date (see Annex 4, references starting with the name Appel).

            In the works carried out by the researcher group, the order of the surname should be taken as a basis (see Annex 4, references beginning with the name Whelton)

            In more than one study by the same author or the same group of authors, the date of publication must be taken as a basis (see Annex 4, sources beginning with the name Roel). If the same author (s) in the list of references has several studies done in the same year, icons such as a, b, c, .... should be used and written after the date and adjacent to the date (see Appendix 4, references starting with the name Pinar).

After the author names have been written,before writing the name of book or an article, the date of

 publication of the book or article should be specified in parentheses and the point should be placed after the parentheses.

Reference in Text

References should be specified in parentheses where they are given, for example, in the form of [1]. The single line spacing should be used in the writing of the reference list, a line spaced when passing from one reference to another.

References in the text can be used in the form of the Harvard system, with writing the surname of the author and the year of publication, or as the Vancouver system(number of reference is written). Both can be used at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

References can be sorted alphabetically and according to the numerical equivalent of the place in the text.

Writing references:

Norcini JJ, Blank LL, Duffy FD, Fortna G. The mini-CEX: “A method for assessing clinical skills”. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 476-4

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html available at this adress (Date of access: 23 January 2012).

♦ If the reference is an article: Author's surname, initials of the name, ‘’title of the article ‘’ ,name of the journal (bold and italic), volume number (if any): page range (year).

Goto, S., Levec, J. And Smith, J. M., “Mass transfer in packed ebds with two-phase flow” , Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 14 (2): 473-485 (1975).

♦ If reference is asection from a book: surname of the author, first letters of author’s names, ‘’title of the chapter (name)’’,the name of the book from which the chapter was cited, the volume number, the editor (s), the institution that published it (bold and italic), the publication place, page range(year)

Goto, S., Levec, J. And Smith, J. M., “Mass transfer in packed ebds with two-phase flow” , Heat Transmission 2nd ed. , Mc Graw Hill, New York, 278-292 (1942).

♦ If the reference is a book : Author's surname, initial letter (s) of his / her name, “book’s name, volume number”, editor(s) / translation editor(s), publication place(bold and italic),publication place, page range(year)

Mc Adams, W. H., “Heat Transmission 2nd ed.”, Translation Editor/Editors, Mc Graw Hill, New York, 278- 292 (1942).

Note: For translated books ,the publication date of the translated book,not the original book, will be based on,

♦ If the reference is a printed thesis: Author's surname, initials (s) of his / her name, ‘’ name of the thesis’’ , type of thesis (Master / PhD), institute where the thesis is presented (bold and italic), place of presentation, range of pages (year).

Tercan, L.,, Mathematically modelling with the aid of the tritium isotope of the Karst aquifer systems

,, PhD Thesis, Hacettepe University, Institute of Science and Technology,

Ankara, 10-15 (1993).

♦If the reference is cited from a congress: the surname of the author, the first letter (s) of the name, ‘’the name of the notification’’, the name of the congress, seminar or conference (bold and italic), the place ,range of pages in proceeding book (year).

  Toppare, L., “copolymerization  of A-methylstyrene with 4-bromstriene by electrochemical method ‘’, II. National Macromolecule Symposium, Izmir, 85-96 (1985).

♦If the source is cited from a report: surname of the author, initial letter (s) of his / her name (or ‘’name of the corporation ”),’’name of report ‘’, short name and report number of the organization that prepared the report (bold and italic), place of publication (bold and italic ), range of pages (year).

Baran, I. And Kasparek, M., “Marine turtles of Turkey; Status survey 1988 and

 recommendations for conversation and management”, WWF Report, Heidelberg,

 123-130 (1989).

♦If the reference is cited from the current journal and newspaper news:

7. Corliss, Richard, Sept. 13, Pacific Overtures Times, 142 (11): 68-70(1993).

♦ Electronic encyclopedia and books

8. Internet:

Descriptive Biostatistics, http: // biostatistics.com/odds-ratio-rolatif-risk-ve-number-needed-to-treat-nnt/

Internet addresses are not accepted except for the official institutions and organizations.

Note: If different parts of a reference are used several times, the pages of the reference should be given one after the other, and only one reference number should be given.

9. Mc Adams, W. H., “Heat Transmission 2nd ed.”, Mc Graw Hill, New York, 278-

292, 301-308, 615-621, 688-690 (1942).

NOTE: Non-printed references and lecture notes will not be mentioned in the REFERENCES.

Annexes: The questionnaire used in the research, scientifically tested scales, the picture , map or documents that are thought to disrupt the flow of research’s text are included.

Basic Principles of Scientific Writing

Unity should be provided in the terms used in the research text. (For example law/rule,either law or rule is prefferd in research text. Unity of wording must be provided. Quotations from other sources are out of this rule.)

Quations  from one or more sources should not be given one page or more consecutively. Instead, either the quotes, comments, or explanations of the researcher should be included in,or these long quotations should be written in the Annex.

Writing should be clear and simple, the third person singular and in passive form.

Should be written in simple present tense, the words such as ‘’I’’ and ‘’we’’ shouldn’t be used.

When you are uncertain about the rules of writing, you can use the Türk Dil Kurumu İmla Klavuzu  and the internet address of the institution as a source

http://www.tdk.gov.tr/imla

Trade names should be avoided.(Sosyaldr etc.).Pretentious words are not used in scientific writings.